Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents. Taking more than one urine ph test will provide a more accurate baseline. A dark brown urine may indicate methemoglobinuria or alkaptonuria. Types and collection of urine specimen free download as powerpoint presentation. The urinalysis is a set of screening tests that can provide a general overview of a persons health.
In the urine of a healthy individual, the color comes primarily from the presence of urobilin. Learn urine composition with free interactive flashcards. The normal chemical composition of urine is mainly water content, but it also includes nitrogenous molecules, such as urea, as well as creatinine and other metabolic waste components. Difference in 24hour urine composition between diabetic. Before discussing about the abnormal constituents of urine we must have some idea about the normal constituent of urine. Urine is a liquid byproduct of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination and excreted through the urethra. Generally, about 10 ml of urine is types of urine specimens. Composition and concentrative properties of huun urine by david f. Composition of urine, faeces, greywater and biowaste for utilisation in the urware model composition of urine, faeces, greywater and biowaste for utilisation in the urware model abstract to analyse and compare new types of sewage systems, knowledge on the composition of the different wastewater fractions is needed. The physical pro perties of urine concentrates were determined in the ranges 4 to 90 percent solutes and 70 to 140 degrees fahrenheit. The urine may be colored green, brown or deep yellow if bile pigments are present in the urine as occurs in posthepatic jaundice. By the use of appropriate factors, the specific gravity pattern, i. Ammonium carbonate does not produce an alkaline urine because ammonia is rapidly converted into urea.
Pdf urinalysis is a routine screening and diagnostic tool that can be used to identify infections and diseases. Here is a list of its primary components, including percent water. The nirmal constituents of urine are given in the figure below the seven years study on human urine composition has yeilded a huge database of 3079 chemicals in 20. From the department of physiological chemistry, school of medicine, uni versity of pennsylvania, philadelphia. Urine ph can vary depending on time of day it tends to be more acidic when waking, for example. Urea is the main end product of catabolism of protein in mammals. An alkaline urine may be produced by ingestion of sufficient nahco 3. The other methods are called confirmatory tests because the most common use is to confirm a positive or negative result obtained using the reagent strip. In the normal adult, 600 to 2500 ml of urine formed daily. After knowing the normality it will be very easy to understand about the abnormal constituents of urine of human beings. There are a couple of pauses along the way to do the peepee. Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and n2o emissions volume 7 issue s2 j. However, due to transit disruptions in some geographies, deliveries may be delayed.
For example, high protein diets result in more acidic urine. Urine is a liquid waste material produced in and excreted by the body. Chemical composition of manures and urines of different farmed animals dairy cattle beef cattle ox pig chicken layers chicken broiler horse milk cow dung cow dung pig manure cow urine pig urine dry matter as % of fresh manure 12. The process of time to time collection and removal of urine from urinary bladder is known as micturition. Urinalysis interpretation agency for clinical innovation. Although urinalysis is not recommended as a routine screening tool except in women who may be pregnant, physicians. For a more accurate specific gravity result or measurement of urine electrolytes or osmolality, your provider will send your urine sample to a lab. In liver disease, the urine may be green, brown, or deep yellow due to bile pigments. Chapter 3 introduction to urinalysis medical laboratory. There is no abnormal range as such, since the urine can normally vary from acid to alkaline. Normally, urine is clear and amber yellow in color due to the presence of urobilin the higher the concentration of urine, the deeper is the color. The normal chemical composition of urine is mainly water content, but it also includes nitrogenous molecules, such as urea, as well as creatinine and other. Through history, people created charts of urine color to help diagnose disease and by the 17th century, practitioners began tasting urine to help diagnose diabetes.
Freshwater animals usually excrete very dilute urine. General urine examination gue or urinalysis microscopic urinalysis methodology a sample of wellmixed urine usually 1015 ml is centrifuged in a test tube at relatively low speed about 23,000 rpm for 510 minutes until a moderately cohesive button is produced at the bottom of the tube. The concoction is prepared from leaves of tobacco, garlic and basil. Pale urine has a low specific gravity, a dark line has a high specific gravity. Urine, liquid or semisolid solution of metabolic wastes and certain other, often toxic, substances that the excretory organs withdraw from the circulatory fluids and expel from the body. You have just arrived home from a very long day and you have to go to pee really badly. As such, collection, storage, and handling are important issues in maintaining the integrity of this specimen. Enzymebased chemical biosensors are based on biological recognition. Immerse the dipstick completely in the specimen of fresh urine. This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes. Human urine has a variable chemical composition depending on the individual. If so, isotopic analysis of natural urine or blood calcium could be used to monitor shortterm changes in bone mineral balance. Choose from 94 different sets of urine composition flashcards on quizlet. A urine ph level test is a simple and painless test that analyzes the acidity or alkalinity of a urine sample.
Urine left at room temperature for 2 hours tends to develop an. Dec 15, 2015 a 24hour urine collection can be difficult for elderly patients or those with incontinence and is especially cumbersome in the outpatient setting. List four possible reasons why a laboratory would reject a urine specimen. Other constituents include urea, chloride, sodium, potassium, creatinine and other dissolved ions, and inorganic and organic compounds. We use cookies to make interactions with our website easy and meaningful, to better. Study 21 chapter 3 introduction to urinalysis flashcards from tabitha g. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Urine osmolarity is a measure of the water distribution amongst fluid components. If needed, your provider will ask you to collect your urine at home over 24 hours. The urinary volume is not constant and varies according to many factors even in health. Apr 03, 2015 this slide is a simple slide that explain about the characteristics of urine,abnormal characteristics of urine,main terms associated with urine,also explains casts and crystals. Click here for the professional version click here for the professional version in renal glucosuria, glucose sugar is excreted in the urine, despite normal or low glucose levels in the blood. Human urine ranges in color from nearly clear to dark amber, depending largely on the amount of water that is present.
Urine boundless anatomy and physiology lumen learning. Jan 28, 2020 urine is a liquid produced by the kidneys to remove waste products from the bloodstream. Its main components are normal urea, nacl, kcl, creatinine, uric acid, phosphates, sulfates, traces of calcium. Normal urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber but is usually a pale yellow. Facilitating the composting of faeces might be another reason for keeping the liquid separate from the solids. Pdf biochemical composition of normal urine researchgate. Physiology of urine formation online biology notes. First voided morning urine is ideal when evaluating suspected glomerulonephritis. Secreted by the renal tubules, it accumulates in the urinary bladder and is excreted via the urethra. Chemical composition of urine changes with standing and formed elements degenerate with time 4. Mar 24, 2014 chemical examination of urine slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising.
Nitrogen was mainly 90% present as ammoniacal n, with ammonium bicarbonate being the dominant compound. For this reason, various types of specimens may be collected. See also introduction to disorders of kidney tubules. When the urine of the horse is analysed it is found that in every parts there are about 905910 of water, 55 of organic substances, and 40 of inorganic substances. A variety of drugs, natural chemicals from foods, and diseases can alter the color. Urine composition and function chemistry libretexts. Identifying the composition of street drug nyaope using two different mass spectrometer methods article pdf available january 2015 with 1,070 reads how we measure reads. The normal chemical composition of urine is mainly water content, but it also includes nitrogenous molecules, such as urea, as well as. Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water, with the remaining constituents, in order of decreasing concentration urea 9. We investigated whether changes in the natural isotopic composition of calcium in human urine track changes in net bone mineral balance, as predicted by a model of calcium isotopic behavior in vertebrates. Refrigerated is best when infection is suspected 5. The dry matter, nutrient, trace element and salt content of typical manitoba livestock and poultry manures 4. If your are unable to change your urine s ph as desired through dietary changes, drugs such as ammonium chloride, thiazide diuretics and methenamine mandelate decrease urine ph. Collection of more than 300ml of urine in urinary bladder creates pressure on the wall.
Abnormal constituents of urine biology for everybody. Perhaps, one of the earliest known record of urine test was the technique of pouring urine on the ground and observing whether or not it attracted insects. The composition of the urine of white mice in spite of the. The factors which modify urinary volume are water intake, exercise, climate, diet and physical state. Urine is often light or pale yellow in colour and fresh urine has a slight ammoniacal smell. Only urea, the substance after which urine is named, can be poisonous when present in the blood. Today checking sugar in urine is a test to detect diabetes and untreated diabetes still. Excessive excretion of porphyrins in urine gives rise to pink or brown urine.
In fever, the urine may be dark yellow or brownish because of concentration. However, this is irrelevant in the practice of drinking urine, as urine is not. Scientists have laid out the entire chemical composition of human urine, revealing that more than 3,000 compounds are found in the fluid, and have published it all in an online database. The composition of urine tends to mirror the water needs of the organism. Pdf biochemical composition of normal urine find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Urine varies in appearance, depending principally upon a bodys level of hydration, as well as other factors. Natural calcium isotopic composition of urine as a marker. The ph of normal urine is generally in the range 4. It is impossible to state how much overlap ping of periods occurred due to the incomplete removal of all urine from the urinary system but it obviously did not. Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water. Pdf identifying the composition of street drug nyaope. Clinical significance of subjective foamy urine kyu keun kang, jung ran choi, ji young song, sung wan han, so hyun park, woong sun yoo, hwe won kim, dongyoung lee, kyoung hyoub moon, myung hee lee1 and beom kim departments of internal medicine, 1laboratory medicine, veterans health service medical center, seoul, korea. Abnormal constituents of urine questions and study guide.
The general characteristics of urine are as follows. Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and n2o. Those dipsticks make a pretty good catapult for drops of eyeballseeking urine. Containers must be clean and single use disposable. Urine and its composition online notes on microbiology. The quantity of urine secreted depends, of course, chiefly upon the quantity of water that has been ingested, but it is. Urine is mainly made of water, salt, and chemicals called urea and uric acid. Sep 05, 20 urine is an incredibly complex biofluid. Reddish urine is due to the ingestion of naturally coloured foods e.
Composition of urine, faeces, greywater and biowaste. Urine is an unstable fluid, and changes to its composition begin to take place as soon as it is voided. Various forms of calcic carbonates and ammonium urates found in normal urine of the horse. Physical and chemical characteristics of normal urine urine analysis infers valuable information in a variety of ailments. How to properly sample and ship manure for analysis 3. Physical characteristics of urine have been used as diagnostic and prognostic tool from the time immemorial by the health physicians.
Putnam advance biotechnology and power department summary this report defines the composition of typical human urine and presents experimental data on its chemical, physical, engineering, and concentrative properties. Urine composition varies due to differences in physical exercise, environmental conditions, as well as water, salt, and high protein intakes. We had no idea there could be so many different compounds going into our toilets, noted david wishart, the senior scientist on the project. The advantages of using urine for analysis includes the method is useful when there is a lack of sufficiently sensitive analytical technique to measure the concentration of drug in plasma with accuracy it is more convenient to collect urine samples, than drawing blood out of patient. What is the normal volume of urine excreted in a 24hour period. The attraction of insects indicates honey urine which was known to be excreted by people with boils. For this reason, it is important for the physician to correlate the urine ph with other information to determine whether there is a problem. Hence, the urine protein to creatinine ratio is typically the preferred method and has been shown to have a good correlation with the 24hour urine protein determination. In the laboratory, urine can be characterized by physical appearance, chemical composition, and microscopically. Generally fresh urine has a mild smell but aged urine has a stronger odor similar to that of ammonia. Urine contains waste products like urea, salts, excess ions, water, and metabolized products of drugs. Substances which are not present in easily detectable amounts in urine of normal healthy individuals but are present in the urine under certain diseased conditions are said to be abnormal constituents of urine.
Human urine chemical composition and fertilizer use. Chemical examination of urine 2 confirmatory tests which may be indicated sometimes it may be necessary to measure chemicals in urine other than by the reagent strip methods. Many things, such as your diet and medications, can affect the acidity of your urine. Human urine is yellowish in color and variable in chemical composition. Physical properties and detection of normal constituents. Decreased ph by the utilization of glucose by bacteria. Human urine chemical composition and fertilizer use efficiency. Urine is the waste product that is eliminated by the kidneys.
The concentration of urine is highest in the a morning specimen overnight urine. In very dilute urine, small quantities of chemicals may be undetectable. Qualitative analysis of urine for abnormal constituents dr. Types and collection of urine specimen urine penis. Chemical composition of cow urine 15 water 95% urea 2. Always wear gloves whilst messing about with another persons pee.
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